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The earliest period belonged to the Painted Grey Ware culture (1100–500 BCE), followed by the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (700–200 BCE). Ancient history Īrchaeological excavations at Mathura show the gradual growth of a village into an important city during the Vedic age. Excavations at the site revealed pottery and terracotta dating to the sixth century BCE, the remains of a large Buddhist complex, including a monastery called Yasha Vihara of the Gupta period, as well as Jain sculptures of the same era. The most important pilgrimage site in Mathura was Katra ('market place'), now referred to as Krishna Janmasthan ('the birthplace of Krishna'). Afterwards, the place came to be known as Madhuvan as it was thickly wooded, then Madhupura and later Mathura. In the epic, the Ikshwaku prince Shatrughna slays a demon called Lavanasura and claims the land.
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According to the Archaeological Survey of India plaque at the Mathura Museum, the city is mentioned in the oldest Indian epic, the Ramayana. Mathura, which lies at the centre of the cultural region of Braj has an ancient history and is also believed to be the homeland and birthplace of Krishna, who belonged to the Yadu dynasty. Sculpture of woman from ancient Braj-Mathura ca. Mathura has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India. Janmashtami is grandly celebrated in Mathura every year.
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Mathura was the capital of the kingdom of Surasena, ruled by Kansa, the maternal uncle of Krishna. The Kesava Deo Temple was built in ancient times on the site of Krishna's birthplace (an underground prison). It is one of the Sapta Puri, the seven cities considered holy by Hindus. In Hinduism, Mathura is birthplace of Krishna, which is located at the Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex. The 2011 Census of India estimated the population of Mathura at 441,894. In ancient times, Mathura was an economic hub, located at the junction of important caravan routes. It is located approximately 57.6 kilometres (35.8 mi) north of Agra, and 166 kilometres (103 mi) south-east of Delhi about 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) from the town of Vrindavan, and 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Govardhan.